About a new method of fuel combustion

About a new way of combustion of fuel

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

About a new way of combustion of fuel in heating individual furnaces. Kuznetsov I. V., Yekaterinburg.

Burning in pure form of  is chemical reaction at which of one simple substances (carbon and hydrogen) at connection with oxygen other substances with allocation of heat turn out. If as oxidizer air is used, then at the most correct organization of burning carbonic acid (as a result of carbon combustion), water vapor (at hydrogen combustion) and nitrogen as a component of the air demanded for burning will be products of reaction, and these are 4/5 parts of its volume. Actually because of uneven hashing of fuel with air, the last should be given 1,6 - 2,4 times more than theoretical. Therefore in a fire chamber are available excess amount of air with the increased content of the nitrogen which hasn't taken part in burning and also water vapor from evaporation of the water which is contained in fuel. All these gases ballast, they don't take part in burning but only they heat up due to heat of combustion of carbon and hydrogen, i.e. take away useful heat.

In the system of the compulsory movement of gases (PDG system) all these gases mix up in a uniform stream. As a result temperature in a fire chamber decreases that involves deterioration in conditions of combustion of fuel, besides, the stream diluted with cold ballast gases influences the heat exchanger and further leaves in a pipe.

For many years designs of PDG power stations in the heattechnical relation are finished to is greatest possible high level, and there is practically no reserve of increase in their efficiency.

Now at combustion of fuel in fire chambers of the most different design and all types of furnace processes when using air as oxidizer the main objective is pursued – to reduce influence of ballast gases on which amount stream temperature depends. Because of reduction of the last conditions of combustion of fuel worsen and heat content of products of his combustion decreases. It concerns also the thermal generators used in all industries.

For achievement of the goal use dry fuel, including pellet, a briquette, etc., products of power-intensive and expensive production technology; minimize amount of the given air to the level at which there is no incomplete combustion of fuel yet, but also there is no excessive amount of air.

The system of "the free movement of gases in I.V. Kuznetsov's interpretation" (further SDG) assumes other mechanism of reduction of influence of ballast gases on process of combustion of fuel and also use of the generated heat. It is based on natural laws of the nature.

It is possible to improve conditions of combustion of fuel in a fire chamber if to remove ballast gases from a burning zone. Thereby the efficiency of extraction of energy from fuel increases, i.e. heat content of products of combustion of fuel increases, or, in other words, heat content of products of combustion of fuel depends on a type of oxidizer and amount of ballast gases.

The foundation of the theory of the free movement of gases was laid by the Russian scientist, the metallurgist, the corresponding member of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, professor V.E. Grum-Grzhimaylo (1864 - 1928). Further work on improvement of system of furnaces which basis for action the principle of SDG is was carried out by the pupil and follower V.E. Grum-Grzhimaylo of Cand.Tech.Sci. I.S. Podgorodnikov (1886 - 1958). He has suggested to build furnaces according to the scheme "two-story cap".

The main idea is based that the stream of hot gas in an environment of cold emerges up as easier. At design of the furnace in each her part it is necessary to set such direction of the movement of gases which would answer their natural aspiration – hot gas rises up, and streams of cooled fall down. V.E. Grum-Grzhimaylo and I.S. Podgorodnikov didn't manage to resolve the most important issue of the organization of the natural movement of gases in the furnace camera according to this classical definition.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

The natural movement of hot gases in the furnace camera can be provided only in the heatgenerator constructed by certain rules. In Fig. 1 the scheme of the heatgenerator is shown. Following designations: 1 fire chamber; 2-"a dry seam"; 3-lower cap; 4 heat exchanger; 5-top cap; 6 pipe. The lower tier and a fire chamber are united in uniform space through "a dry seam" and make the lower cap. The cap is the vessel turned upside down. In him cold particles are pushed out down, hot emerge up. Obligatory existence of "a dry seam" is provided in this design. It is the vertical crack 2-3 cm wide connecting a fire chamber and a cap. Fire chambers can be various both on design, and by the principle of combustion of fuel. Fuel it is possible to burn any.

Essence of rules. It is about combustion of fuel in the fire chamber placed in a cap and the vertical crack (a dry seam) united with him in uniform space. Such construction allows to create also in a cap, and the furnace camera of a condition in which the movement of gases answers their natural aspiration: hot gas rises up, and streams of cooled fall down. At the same time the lower and top limits of specific thermal tension of furnace volume can be sustained. The offered scheme corresponds to V.E. Grum-Grzhimaylo's theory.

The essence of the concept is in receiving from fuel at his burning the maximum quantity of heat and to use him to the maximum. The design of the heatgenerator has to meet the functional requirements and provide an optimum thermolysis.

It is possible to burn effectively fuel, receiving from it the greatest possible energy which is contained in him, but at the same time not effectively to use this heat. On the contrary, it is possible not to withdraw fully the energy which is contained in fuel, but to effectively use it. Therefore it is possible to consider that the efficiency of the power station consists of the efficiency of withdrawal of energy from fuel and the efficiency of use of the generated heat.

The first coefficient, efficiency of withdrawal of energy from fuel, characterizes what part of the energy (as a percentage) which is contained in fuel can be transformed to heat at his burning.

We will consider what the difference of use of the generated heat in the SDG and PDG systems consists in.

The moving gas stream in the heatgenerator with any convective system transfers thermal energy and products of combustion. The convective system serves as the tool for use of the emitted thermal energy which can be directed to heating of a copper of water heating, a heater, heataccumulative massif, etc. To find out in what the difference of mechanisms of the movement of a gas stream consists in the PDG and SDG systems, we will present that a source of heat is the electric heater. In this case it isn't necessary to delete combustion products.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

The first coefficient, efficiency of withdrawal of energy from fuel, characterizes what part of the energy (as a percentage) which is contained in fuel can be transformed to heat at his burning.

We will consider what the difference of use of the generated heat in the SDG and PDG systems consists in.

The same will occur if to pass through the lower zone of a cap at the blasting of D equal to draft of T, the gas stream received as a result of burning of any kind of fuel in a third-party fire chamber at all types of furnace processes when using air as oxidizer (watch K1 at Fig.A2, fig. 2). The stream contains combustion products which represent mix of various gases, including ballast. Their molecules are absolutely independent, aren't linked among themselves. Products of combustion is the carbonic acid received as a result of combustion of carbon (CO2); water vapor – from hydrogen combustion, and also ballast gases – water vapor of fuel; nitrogen (in mix); excessive air. This gas stream, passing through the lower part of a cap, it is divided on structure. Each particle of a gas stream has the state (weight, temperature, energy) and occupies in a cap during the free movement through him the place determined by this state. The hot component of a stream under the influence of buoyancy force rises up, influences the heat exchanger, and is there until gases are cooled. Cold, heavy and harmful making a stream, the coldest streams, pass a bottom of a cap and influence heat exchange a little.

Important conclusion follows from told – at transmission of a gas stream through a cap the efficiency of use of the generated heat as influence of ballast gases on heat exchange decreases increases.

In the PDG system all products of combustion pass through the furnace camera and channels of convective system of the heatgenerator, mix up in a uniform stream, i.e. reduce temperature and a useful thermolysis of a stream. As driving force of a stream in this system serves the draft of a pipe.

From here one more important conclusion follows – the efficiency of use of the generated heat received as a result of combustion of any fuel in a fire chamber of any type when using air as oxidizer has the greatest value in the convective system executed in the form of a cap.

For increase in efficiency of functioning of the heatgenerator, decrease in emissions in the atmosphere of harmful substances it is necessary to provide full combustion of fuel. Four conditions of achievement of full combustion of fuel are known: correct device of a fire chamber; smeseobrazovaniye; high temperature; optimum supply of primary and secondary air.

In the course of burning concentration of initial substances (fuel and oxidizer) sharply fall and also sharply concentration of products of burning and the level of temperature of mix increase. In any system secondary air should be given above a zone of active burning of fuel for combustion of the combustible gases emitted as a result of thermal decomposition of fuel.

In the PDG system the movement of oxidizer and combustible gases goes in the passing direction. In process of advance the stream is more and more ballasted. In a final zone of a torch of concentration of fuel and oxidizer decrease. Initial substances are separated by a large number of products of combustion. The contact of the reacting molecules considerably is complicated. In this case it is important to initiate intensive turbulence. It is also necessary to provide burning process with air, having finished his quantity to optimum (to minimize) at which there is no incomplete combustion of fuel and its surplus. However anyway at the furnace camera there will be an excess air, nitrogen and water vapor of fuel which reduce temperature of a stream and, thereby, worsen fuel combustion conditions. The energy which is contained in fuel is distinguished not completely. And the generated heat is used also not completely as it is spent for heating of ballast gases in a stream.

From here it is possible to draw the following important conclusion: to increase the efficiency of withdrawal of energy from fuel, it is necessary to reduce influence of ballast gases on furnace process and to increase burning temperature.

In power stations of the PDG system there is no place for placement of heat exchangers that conditions of combustion of fuel corresponded to conditions of use of the generated heat. At placement of heat exchangers in the furnace camera of a condition of combustion of fuel are in a conflict with heat exchange conditions. The more gets heat (use efficiency increases), the it is worse than a fuel combustion condition (efficiency of withdrawal of energy from fuel decreases). The heat exchangers placed in a fire chamber (a cold kernel) reduce temperature there, i.e. worsen fuel combustion conditions. At increase in the size of the area of the channel (to place in him the heat exchanger), energy of a gas stream in him is smeared, i.e. temperature in a stream decreases.

Fuel can be burned in a cap without fire chamber. However so it is impossible to achieve good conditions of combustion of fuel: high temperature, optimum ensuring reaction of burning with air, his hashing and preliminary heating. For this reason fuel needs to be burned in the limited volume in which it is possible to sustain the specified requirements.

Unlike the PDG system, in the SDG new system reaction of burning proceeds in other conditions.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

The furnace camera 1 (fig. 3) is limited from sides to walls, and from above the catalyst 2 (a lattice from a shamotny brick). She has "a dry seam" 3, connecting her to a cap. In walls cavities 4 through which from I blew in a zone over fuel through openings 5 are organized secondary air moves. Бóльшая a part of secondary air is warmed up, passing through cavities in walls of the furnace camera, and comes at the expense of buoyancy force to a final zone of a torch under the catalyst. Air also arrives through the crack 25 mm wide which is available before a furnace door. This stream of air is especially demanded at a kindling when secondary air can't rise through cavities yet.

In the furnace camera "cap" when each particle of a gas stream during the free movement through a fire chamber has the trajectory determined by her state is created. In other words, the hottest particles are in the top part, and less heated can't rise up. Secondary air comes out openings under the catalyst 5, gets to a cap and as the coldest, falls down, towards to a stream. Unlike the PDG system, the movement of oxidizer and combustible gases happens towards each other, at the expense of it there is a turbulence, mass contacts between molecules of fuel and oxidizer accelerate. The catalyst gives to a stream turbulence and promotes temperature increase in the furnace camera due to reflection of radiant heat. Such nature of turbulent exchange determines the speed of formation of gas mixture, doing this zone especially important. Particles of combustible gases connect to oxygen of air and generate heat, turning into carbon dioxide, water vapor and other products of combustion. The hot component of a stream rises in the top part of a cap, forming a zone of the increased temperature there, and influences the heat exchanger placed out of the furnace camera. Ballast gases, a cold component, are pushed out in the lower zone of the furnace camera from where come through a dry seam to a cap and further for recycling or to a pipe. Water vapor of fuel, being heavy, can't rise in a burning zone. It is especially important at combustion of fuels with high content of moisture, for example brown coal which contains 45–55% of water and doesn't suit for burning in the PDG system.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

For comparison, in the photo of fig. 4 burning of just cut down firewood in fire chambers of coppers of constant action is shown. In the top part of the photo, a copper with the compulsory movement of gases. In the lower part of the photo the copper constructed according to the new system of "the free movement of gases" in which registers are taken out in a cap. Coppers work without blasting. In a copper of the SDG system it is visible that in the high-temperature field there is a uniform heating of firewood and their thermal destrukturization (pyrolysis). In the furnace camera fuel combustion conditions change. There is an office of cold ballast gases, at the expense of it there is a high-temperature process of burning. It provides warming up and gasification of fuel and also pure burning. The mix which isn't self-igniting at a low temperature becomes capable to spontaneous ignition at the increased temperature. The heat exchanger arrangement in a cap out of a zone of burning of fuel allows, without reducing efficiency of extraction of energy from fuel, as much as possible to increase use of the generated heat.

At combustion of fuel in heatgenerators of the SDG new system and use of air as oxidizer heat content of products of combustion due to reduction of influence of ballast gases by oxidation process increases.

Heat of combustion of crude firewood is lower, than dry, i.e. at their burning the amount of ballast gases increases. Influence of ballast gases on process of burning can also be tracked on the example of combustion of acetylene during the gas-welding works. Heat content of products of combustion of acetylene depends on a type of the applied oxidizer, i.e. on amount of ballast gases. If to give to a burning zone instead of oxygen air, then temperature of reaction of burning and energy withdrawn from acetylene will be insufficient for cutting and welding of metal

In heatgenerators of the SDG new system process of combustion of fuel is natural, we self-regulate and is optimum. Conditions of combustion of fuel improve, energy withdrawal efficiency thereby increases.

The SDG system has gained wide circulation and development in design and construction of household furnaces and wood coppers. She is distinguished by extraordinary flexibility that has allowed to produce already thousands of highly effective designs of household furnaces and coppers of different function. There is a possibility of creation of infinite number of heatgenerators of various form, power and appointment, multipurpose and multystoried, including industrial type. Wood coppers of constant action show surprising results and productivity. In their fire chambers there is a high-temperature process of pure burning. It provides warming up and gasification of fuel at a temperature about 1060 ° C. They heat rooms the area of several one thousand square meters already now, at the same time the movement of the heat carrier happens without pump. Numerous measurements of the quantity burned during a day of firewood show that they contain less energy, than is allocated with a copper. Incredibly, but it is the fact which should be confirmed or disproved tests.

The SDG system takes root in many countries of the world. In all tests which are carried out in the USA, Canada, France, Sweden, Russia furnaces of our system have shown to Germany efficiency to 90%. After their operational development as a result of the experiments made in France it was succeeded to achieve high purity of combustion. The independent tests of the furnace of this design in Sweden executed in January, 2008 by AF-kontrol AB have shown that emissions WITH and integrally connected carbon are significantly lower than the most admissible values. She has efficiency more than 90%. The SDG system is a new qualitative technological level of combustion of biofuels, the analog which in the world isn't present, this real energy saving.

In retorts (the closed metal capacities) warmed outside without air access it is possible to receive from organic household and industrial wastes coke, pyrolysis gas solid, rich with carbon (парогаз) and various components them processing. It is metal from automobile tires, cables or other waste, pyrolysis fuel, absorbent carbon, etc. Coke can be processed totally in gas, influencing him, for example, water vapor at high temperature. It is the most qualitative gas with heat of combustion 2802 kcal/m3. The emitted gas and coke can be burned, receiving heat.

Gas-generating installation of the SDG system can have one, two or more caps with retorts, one or several caps with the heat exchanger and a heataccumulative cap with the furnace camera. Each retort settles down in the cap where it is warmed with heat burned in the furnace camera or in a cap of parogaz. Regulation of heating happens due to redistribution of streams of the hot gases received when burning in the furnace camera of parogaz, or change of quantity of the parogaz burned in a cap with a retort. Receiving qualitative products of processing of biomass in the maximum volume, is provided with controllability of process of pyrolysis in each retort in all cycles that in other systems can't be made. Installations don't demand external energy. They work due to the energy emitted by pirolizuyemy raw materials.

Installations (modules) similar in essence are released by the German firm Meta Pyrolyse-Anlagen GmbH, only they use electricity. Only in this case they could achieve controllability in all stages of pyrolysis of fuel, receiving qualitative products and payback of their production.

Now in the world combustion of solid fuel happens in two stages:

1 stage – an expensive and power-intensive production phase pellet, briquettes, etc.;

2 stage – burning pellet, on extent of automation it corresponds to the level of combustion of gas and diesel fuel.

In the SDG system it is possible to use crude fuel as his drying happens due to heat of flue gases. The expensive and power-intensive stage of preparation of fuel is excluded. Regulation of power of burning at the same time doesn't cause decrease in efficiency.

In the SDG system there is a possibility of creation of the mechanism of vacuum drying of fuel due to heat of flue gases. There is also an opportunity to bring парогаз, received at low-temperature pyrolysis, to extent of molecular crushing and to prepare him for effective burning or processing.

Conclusion

Further work on improvement of the SDG system demands attraction of a wide range of experts of different specialties, carrying out experimental works what requires creation of the corresponding material and technical resources. Continuity in development of the SDG system is necessary, otherwise her Russian priority will be lost. This work demands serious political and financial support and has to be headed by the strong economic manager.

The list of the used literature:

I.S. Podgorodnikov. Household furnaces. MKH RSFSR publishing house. Moscow - 1960.

K. Myakelya. Furnaces and fireplaces. Moscow. Stroyizdat of 1987.

I.I. Gringauz. Boilers. NKEP USSR. State power publishing house. Moscow 1940 Leningrad.

D.B. Ginzburg. Gasification of solid fuel. The state publishing house of literature on construction, architecture and construction materials. Moscow - 1958.

Under edition Yu.D. Yudkevich, S.N. Vasilyev, V.I. Yagodin. Receiving chemical products from wood waste. St.-Petersburg 2002.

E.D. Levin. Theoretical bases of production of charcoal. Forest industry. Moscow. 1980.

A.N. Kislitsin. Wood pyrolysis: chemism, kinetics, products, new processes. Moscow. Forest industry. 1990.

About a new way of combustion of fuel in heating individual furnaces.

CONTINUATION (Addition).

About some new properties of the SDG system.

The fundamental difference of two systems consists in the following.

In the PDG system of a particle of gases move on channels of convective system up, down, aside due to draft of a pipe mix up in a uniform stream.

In the SDG system of a particle of gases move through a cap (convective system) not only due to draft of a pipe, but also up to a cap at the expense of the buoyancy force of gases, and also they are influenced by the heatexchange processes happening in a cap which cool particles and change a trajectory of their movement. It isn't considered when calculating the movement of a gas stream. Water vapor of fuel as the coldest can't rise up and moves over fuel, interacting with the heated fuel carbon.

Better to understand about what there is a speech we will remember some properties of various parts of household furnaces (heatgenerators), fire chambers and convective systems.

Main parts of furnaces of any systems:

the fire chamber (including hearth), is intended for combustion of fuel;

the convective system, is intended for accumulation and use of warmth of flue gases, defines the nature of the movement of a gas stream;

The pipe with natural draft (or mechanical blasting draft), is intended for removal of products of combustion of fuel and is the general for furnaces of any systems.

In this article work and comparison only of a fire chamber and the convective system of furnaces of the SDG and PDG various systems is considered. The pipe with natural draft is considered as the mechanism for compulsory removal of products of combustion of fuel in any systems and her work isn't considered.

Why in the PDG system it is impossible to create difficult multipurpose furnaces, and in the SDG system there is an opportunity to create the uncountable number of power stations of various functional purpose and power?

The thermolysis from the gas environment to a heatexchange surface depends on the following main reasons: differences of temperature, area and time of contact, material, form and mass of a heatexchange surface.

Affects the body (particle) shipped in gas gas pressure forces, equally effective which it is directed up. It is the supporting (Archimedean) force of gas.

The supporting force of gas (Fa) is equal to gas weight in volume of the body shipped in gas. Fa = ρgV, where ρ - density of gas, g - acceleration of gravity, V - the volume of the shipped body. (The elementary textbook by physics, under G.S. Landsberg's edition).

In a descending channel (the movement of gases from top to down) energy of a stream is distributed on section evenly. This phenomenon is called "self-regulation" and is explained by the fact that driving forces of gases, the draft and buoyancy force of gases, are directed in different directions. The draft is directed down, and the buoyancy force of gases up. If in any place of horizontal section of the channel temperature of a stream is higher, then there buoyancy force is more. That is in this place the braking force increases and the stream is distributed there where it is easier for it to go. Decrease in temperature on the section of the channel arises at walls of channels where there are heatexchange processes, and its value depends on material of walls and a form of the channel, etc.

The draft and buoyancy force of gases work in the ascending canal both up and develop. For this reason the movement of a stream on the section of the channel goes unevenly, it is more where it is more than temperature. Heatexchange processes on the section of the channel are distributed unevenly. Especially it concerns channels with big cross-sectional area.

At the movement of a gas stream on the channel of convective system of any direction due to draft of a pipe there is a following:

At reduction of section of the channel the gas stream is condensed, the speed of his movement, energy (temperature) increases and, as a result, heat exchange increases. In the PDG system of a particle of gases fly with high speed over a heatexchange surface of convective system due to draft of a pipe. However in this case stream friction force increases, arise noise at his movement and, eventually, the channel can't pass all volume of gas arising when burning. Here it should be noted that it concerns a case when from a fire chamber gases go one way. If there are also other ways, then gases go where it is easier for them to go and then nothing from above described happens in channel of smaller section. For example, if from a fire chamber there are two exits, then it is impossible to reduce the section of the channel under a plate because of reduction of heating of a plate; If the channel of big section, then a stream is diluted, his speed, energy (temperature) decreases. At the same time heatexchange processes take place at small temperatures of a stream.

At big sections of vertical channels in the PDG system, a cap, comparable to horizontal section, in the SDG system, the gas stream is smeared on section, his temperature decreases, the stream is stretched due to draft of a pipe and its warmly badly accumulates in the channel. In such convective systems heat exchange isn't effective. In such channel it is impossible to place the heat exchanger that he was effective. For this reason in the PDG system it is impossible to create difficult multipurpose furnaces.

Unlike her in the SDG system the cap can be any form and volume. Energy of hot gases accumulates, concentrates in a cap. Heat exchange in a cap happens as in uniform space to a fire chamber taking into account the movement of gases through "a dry seam" (at equality of blasting draft). The thermolysis from the gas environment to a heatexchange surface increases at increase in mass of heatexchange surfaces. It in overlappings, corners and thickenings of walls where temperature of gases decreases. Say about it also results of experiments.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

The cap leaves the coldest, the gases which have given heat. It is possible to insert the heat exchanger into a cap. Time of contact of hot gases and their temperature increases. All this increases heat exchange, that is the efficiency of use of the emitted energy increases. At the same time in the top zone of a cap and at side surfaces there is a decrease in temperature of hot gases, due to effective heat exchange. It can be compared to reduction of air temperature as approaching a window and walls in winter time. It is visible on the schedule of heating of the furnace on height, the received Kolchin E.V. on tests of furnaces. The furnace has two caps. Height of the first is 2/3, and the second 1/3 heights of the furnace. The same character has the schedule distribution of temperatures of the coming-out gases on height of a dry seam. If to apply material of walls of a cap with low coefficient of heat conductivity, then temperature in the top zone will be the greatest. Effective heat exchange happens also and on cap sidewalls. It gives the chance to create the uncountable number of power stations of various functional purpose and power. Earlier it was noted that unlike the PDG system in our system use of the emitted energy approaches 100%., as particles of hot gases remain in a cap until are cooled. It belongs to a case when the heatexchange surface with the heat exchanger can apprehend more energy, than it is made by a fire chamber.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

In confirmation of bigger efficiency of the furnace of our system in comparison with the furnace of a countercurrent it is possible to give the following practical case. Two furnaces, the SDG systems and a countercurrent, have been constructed in the USA at MNA seminar in 2008 in which I was lucky to participate. The countercurrent furnace, has got warm much worse than our furnace even in the top part though she was flooded earlier. It is possible to look at it on photos. At our furnace people were heated, the furnace has no countercurrent. The furnace of a countercurrent worse and incorrectly warms the room. At the same time, the furnace of a countercurrent is considered the best in the class and is used more often in many developed countries of the world.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

It should be noted one more important quality of the SDG system in my interpretation (Kuznetsov I.V). It is repeatedly noticed and was noted that at fall of temperature of the coming-out gases less than 100 With in a pipe there is no condensation of water vapor. This surprising property has been for the first time noticed at test of the furnace at Jeanne Claude in France by http://www.stove.ru/index.php?lng=0&rs=171. The same was noted also at other tests.

Kuznetsov's furnaces - About a new way of combustion of fuel

It was also required to understand and explain a difference in burning of firewood of "Fig. 4" shown in the photo, and also the fact that numerous measurements of number of the constant action burned during a day of firewood in coppers showed that their energy content is less, than the energy emitted by a copper. Miracles don't happen, energy there is nothing doesn't appear. I couldn't explain these phenomena at that time.

At test of a copper in Polushkino (the settlement near Moscow), with participation of the associate professor of heattechnical faculty of UGTU-UPI, PhD in Technological Sciences of Mikula V. A., the leading expert on an energy audit of Sverdlovsk region, interesting data are obtained. The lowest working heat of combustion of 12.5 kg of the burned fuel, has made 3650 kcal/kg. The warmth which is marked out at combustion of this amount of fuel (12,5 kg) has made 3650х12,5 = 45625 kcal, and it is useful the used warmth measured at test, has made 57141 kcal, 51341 * + 5800 kcal (warmth on water heating + warmth through a brickwork envelope). That is more energy, than heat content of the burned wood is received from a copper!! If to consider taking into account the possible mistakes caused by application of a flowmeter with a high speed of the heat carrier and to lack of passport data on the thermal capacity of the heat carrier, then the efficiency of a copper can settle down in the range of values from 66 to 125% and more.

51341 * - According to the passport of a flowmeter, the range of measurement of speed of the heat carrier is 0,3-8 m/s. The flowmeter isn't calculated on our interval of the speeds of 0,1-0,22 m/s and data can't be considered as reliable. The error of measurements in this range isn't known. Only the mistake on the lower limit of measurement is known. At a speed of 0,3 m/s an error of 10%. Thus, the accuracy of definition of this warmth is doubtful.

The result of these tests can't be considered reliable, however it once again sets thinking. In a type of importance of a question this fact demands confirmation and an explanation therefore it is required to continue tests with participation of scientists of heattechnical faculty of UGTU-UPI, taking into account correction of the shortcomings specified by them. I and our partnership have no opportunity to finance continuation of tests. It is required means for acquisition or rent of some devices, payment of journey, accommodation and work of experts in Moscow. Sponsors are required. Gratitude and their names will be told in heading of this article.

For increase in reliability of tests of Mikul V. A. recommends the following measures:

For measurement of the speed (expense) of the heat carrier it is necessary to organize compulsory circulation or to apply a flowmeter with a low speed of the heat carrier;

Exact data on structure of the heat carrier are necessary (what substances are a part and their share …);

For decrease in influence of inertness of the furnace and the system of heating it is better to increase test duration till 24 o'clock;

For more exact information on heat of combustion of firewood, it is necessary to take from a consignment of the used firewood 4 cubes (mass of 1-2 g) from different logs, to pack hermetically (in polyethylene, or in small glass jars) and then a calorimetric method to define their heat of combustion.

In my opinion, time of an experiment should be taken "for a period last, from value of reference temperature of a brickwork envelope of a copper, up to the final temperature equal initial".

Now I had had a hypothesis why there are phenomena described above. In the section "Gasification" it is noted that property of coke, important for gasification, is his reactionary ability (activity), i.e. ability to interact with air oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. At impact on the heated coke of water vapor between him and carbon in a zone of gasification the following reactions proceed: With + H2O = CO + H2; and With + 2H2O = CO2 + 2H2.

On the first reaction only combustible gases turn out (50%CO and 50% of H2). Calorific ability of mix of these gases - 2802 kcal / нм3.

On the second reaction partially combustible and partially nonflammable gases (33,3% of CO2 and 66,7% of H2) turn out. Calorific ability of mix of these gases - 1714 kcal / нм3.

At more high temperatures the first reaction proceeds more intensively. At lower temperatures, - the second. Carbon monoxide restoration, or decomposition of carbon dioxide on reaction of C+CO2=2CO in our case doesn't happen because of lack of the necessary temperature of 1150 °C in a fire chamber. (D.B. Ginzburg).

Water vapor of fuel is a part of products of reaction of burning. In our SDG system water vapor of fuel, being heavy, can't rise in the top zone of a fire chamber, pass over fuel and influence the heated coals (carbon). There is a decomposition of water vapor on above to the specified reactions to release of combustible gases which are burned there. Perhaps, for this reason in a pipe there is no condensation of water vapor of fuel, and the energy content of products of combustion is higher than standard. These facts were repeatedly observed at operation of coppers of constant action. Considering their importance in increase in efficiency of use of the filled power sources, it should be confirmed or disproved tests.

Burning not always proceeds up to the end, i.e. the burning-down substance not always attaches the greatest possible quantity of a kislokrod. If process of burning hasn't ended, the combustible substances capable in addition to attach oxygen turn out, i.e. again to burn. (D.B. Ginzburg. Gasification of solid fuel. Gosstroyizdat, 1958).

In a final stage of burning when in a fire chamber there are only heated coals the level of an exit of SO carbon monoxide, above admissible norms increases. It concerns heatgenerators of any systems and is confirmed by tests. At impact on the heated carbon air that occurs in a final stage of burning, in a gasification zone oxygen of air influences fuel carbon, forms carbon dioxide (про¬дукт full combustion) and carbon monoxide (a product of incomplete combustion, combustible gas) on reactions of C+O2=CO2; 2C+O2=2CO. The raised exit of SO carbon monoxide is explained by it. SO carbon monoxide lights up at a temperature about 700 °C and burns down a blue flame on the equation: 2CO + O2 = 2CO2 + 135 kcal. There is no such temperature in a fire chamber at this time, and combustion of carbon monoxide doesn't happen.

In this case it is necessary to find other way of combustion of carbon. This way giving of a quantity of superheated water vapor in a final stage of combustion of fuel can be. Reaction of burning at low temperatures proceeds on a formula C + 2H2O = CO2 + 2H2. Hydrogen ignition temperature 350 °C (Gringauz). Such temperature, perhaps, is present at a fire chamber at this time, hydrogen burns down and release of carbon monoxide won't be. It can be confirmed or disproved only carrying out experiences which to execute I have no technical and financial capability.

In my opinion, the operating technique of test and Testo devices for the PDG system can't be applied to the SDG system as the movement of gas streams and heatexchange processes in these systems are various.

Benefits from use of heatgenerators of the SDG system are shown on the example of construction of household furnaces. They are distinguished by high efficiency, a possibility of creation of infinite number of furnaces with new functions, useful to people, the good results of tests on purity of combustion received in the different countries, the highest demand at people. And it should be noted that the ordinary multipurpose furnaces but which aren't specially prepared brought to perfection, as a result of experiments, simple heating furnaces were checked. The PDG system developed and was improved not one century, including in vitro. We should develop the SDG system without experimental works and operational development, and at own expense.

It should be noted that the SDG system in I. Kuznetsov's interpretation has gained broad development in oven business. However it is only iceberg top. Fuel gasification, is the lower not touched iceberg part which still demands development. There are boundless opportunities of processing of biofuel and creation on this basis of various devices.

I.V. Kuznetsov of ph. 8 (343) 307 7303 e-mail: igor@stove.ru http://stove.ru; http://stoveur.ru